Most liver cysts do not cause symptoms. If they do occur, symptoms include :

• Upper abdominal fullness, discomfort, or pain.
• Sudden and severe right upper quadrant and shoulder pain caused by bleeding into the cyst, but this occurs In only in a small group of patients.

Umbilical Hernias don’t always require surgical repair. Surgery is needed when the hernia :

• Causes Pain.
• Is larger than half an inch.
• Is strangulated.

Umbilical hernias are fairly common among infants.

Incisional hernia repair surgery can be performed by :

• Open incisional hernia repair surgery – your scar is re-opened through a large cut and your surgeon will move your hernia back into its correct place.
• Laparoscopic incisional hernia repair - a long, thin tube with a camera attached, called a laparoscope, is inserted through a small cut in your abdomen so that your surgeon can see the hernia from the inside. They will return the hernia to its correct position, remove any scar tissue and close the weak spot.

Both procedures typically insert a surgical mesh to repair and reinforce the weakened area.

The incisions in your skin are then closed using stitches or surgical glue.

Symptoms of an inguinal hernia include :

• A small bulge in one or both sides of the groin that may increase in size and disappear when lying down; in males, it can present as a swollen or enlarged scrotum.
• Discomfort or sharp pain-especially when straining, lifting, or exercising-that improves when resting.
• A feeling of weakness or pressure in the groin.
• A burning, gurgling, or aching feeling at the bulge.

Such abnormalities may arise because of :

• Congenital defects (defects at birth).
• Development abnormalities.
• Trauma(e.g. burns).
• Infectious disease.
• Tumours.

What Causes a Ventral Hernia?

• An incision in your abdominal wall will always be an area of potential weakness. Hernias can develop at these sites due to heavy straining, aging, obesity, injury or following an infection at that site following surgery.
• Anyone can get a hernia at any age. They are more common as we get older. Certain activities may increase the likelihood of a hernia including persistent coughing, difficulty with bowel movements or urination, or frequent need for straining.

What are the Advantages of Laparoscopic Ventral Hernia Repair?

• Less post-operative pain.
• Shortened hospital stay.
• Faster return to regular diet.
• Quicker return to normal activity.

Bile is made and released by the liver and then sent to the small intestine, where it helps the body break down and absorb food. Bile moves through a network of tube-like structures called bile ducts. The common bile duct connects the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas to the small intestine.

Bile duct exploration is a procedure that is performed to see if anything, such as a stone, is blocking the flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine.

Common Symptoms are :

• Sharp pain in the upper right part of the abdomen that may go to the back, mid abdomen, or right shoulder.
• Low fever.
• Nausea and feeling bloated.
• Jaundice(yellowing of the skin) if stones are blocking the common bile duct.

What causes a hiatal hernia ?

The exact cause of many hiatal hernias isn’t known. In some people, injury or other damage may weaken muscle tissue. This makes it possible for your stomach to push through your diaphragm.

Another cause is putting too much pressure (repeatedly) on the muscles around your stomach. This can happen when:

• Coughing.
• Vomiting.
• Straining during bowel movements.
• Lifting heavy objects.